Taw qhia rau Tshuaj
Cov tshuaj muaj nyob ib puag ncig peb thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej. Lawv yog cov khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg sib txawv thiab tsim los ntawm ntuj thiab hluavtaws txhais tau tias. Los ntawm cov dej peb haus mus rau saum huab cua peb ua pa, peb raug cov tshuaj lom neeg tas li. Kab lus no yuav muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj thiab qee qhov piv txwv los pab peb kom nkag siab zoo dua lawv yog dab tsi.
Dab tsi yog Tshuaj?
Cov tshuaj yog ib yam khoom uas tsim los ntawm atoms, molecules, los yog ions uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg. Cov khoom no tuaj yeem suav nrog tej yam xws li reactivity, flammability, thiab toxicity. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom, los ntawm cov khib nyiab mus rau cov kua mus rau gases, thiab tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntuj thiab hluavtaws.
Hom Tshuaj
Muaj ntau hom tshuaj sib txawv, txhua tus muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab siv. Qee hom tshuaj lom neeg muaj xws li:
- Acids: Cov kua qaub yog cov khoom uas muaj pH qis dua 7 thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv paus los tsim cov ntsev thiab dej.
- Bases: Bases yog cov khoom uas muaj pH ntau dua 7 uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub los tsim cov ntsev thiab dej.
- Organic Compounds: Organic compounds yog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob.
- Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic compounds yog cov tshuaj uas tsis muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab tsis tshua pom muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob muaj sia.
- Polymers: Polymers yog cov molecules loj uas muaj ntau qhov rov ua dua subunits hu ua monomers. Polymers muaj ntau yam kev siv tseem ceeb, xws li hauv cov yas thiab ntaub.
Piv txwv ntawm Tshuaj
Cov tshuaj muaj nyob ib puag ncig peb, thiab nws tuaj yeem pab tau kom paub qee yam piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj uas peb ntsib hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Dej: Dej yog cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim uas muaj ob lub hydrogen atoms thiab ib qho oxygen atom. Nws yog cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub neej hauv ntiaj teb thiab siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj, xws li haus dej, da dej, thiab dej.
- Oxygen: Oxygen yog cov pa roj uas ua rau kwv yees li 20% ntawm lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub neej thiab siv ntau yam kev lag luam, xws li steel ntau lawm thiab kev kho mob oxygen therapy.
- Sodium Chloride: Sodium chloride, tseem hu ua cov ntsev ntsev, yog ib qho chaw ua los ntawm sodium thiab chlorine atoms. Nws yog feem ntau siv los txhim kho qhov tsw ntawm cov khoom noj thiab kuj yog siv rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov kev lag luam.
- Ethanol: Ethanol yog ib qho yooj yim organic compound uas muaj ob lub carbon atoms, rau hydrogen atoms, thiab ib tug oxygen atom. Nws yog feem ntau siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj thiab ua roj rau tsheb.
- Propane: Propane yog cov roj uas muaj peb cov pa roj carbon atoms thiab yim hydrogen atoms. Nws yog feem ntau siv los ua roj rau cua sov thiab ua noj.
Kev xav txog kev nyab xeeb
Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam ntawm lub neej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas lawv kom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Nov yog qee qhov kev xav txog kev nyab xeeb kom nco ntsoov thaum tuav cov tshuaj:
- Ib txwm nyeem thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov ntawv sau tshuaj kom zoo.
- Hnav cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej tsim nyog (PPE), xws li hnab looj tes thiab tiv thaiv qhov muag, thaum tuav cov tshuaj.
- Khaws cov tshuaj kom raug thiab ruaj ntseg, kom deb ntawm tshav kub thiab ncaj qha tshav ntuj, thiab khaws cia kom deb ntawm menyuam yaus thiab tsiaj.
- Ib txwm muab cov tshuaj pov tseg kom raug thiab raws li cov cai hauv zos.
Xaus
Cov tshuaj muaj nyob ib puag ncig peb thiab muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb siv hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntuj thiab hluavtaws thiab muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom sib txawv. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov tshuaj dab tsi thiab qee cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj siv tshuaj, peb tuaj yeem ua tau zoo dua rau lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab ua rau lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb.
